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By October 1950, twenty countries had ratified the Convention on Genocide and, in January 1951, after ratification by Canada, the UNCG came into effect. Lemkin became the founding figure of the United Nations Genocide Convention (UNGC).Īfter two years of acrimonious debate over the definition of genocide, the United Nations General Assembly finally passed the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, in December 1948. In developing this new term, Lemkin combined the Greek word genos (race, tribe) and the Latin word cide (killing). Two years later, Raphael Lemkin, the Polish Jewish specialist in international law, created the neologism of genocide to express the use or a user of deliberate, systematic measures such as killing, bodily or mental injury, unliveable conditions, and prevention of births, calculated to bring about the extermination of a racial, political, or cultural group or to destroy the language, religion, or culture of a group (Elder, 2005: 469).
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In a 1941 BBC radio broadcast, the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, described the actions of the Nazis in Europe as a crime without a name (Elder, 2005: 470). Kuper (1981) argued the word is new, the crime ancient, making reference to horrifying genocidal massacres in the eighth and seventh centuries BC in the Assyrian empire in addition to accounts of the many genocidal conflicts in the Bible and in the chronicles of Greek and Roman historians. There is no indication as to where or when the first genocide occurred, the evidence from antiquity being contradictory, ambiguous or missing. Hirsch (1995: 75) suggests that even today sociological attention to this topic has at best grown from almost nonexistent to scarcely existent. Social scientists rarely turned their attention to the study of this particular type of criminality until the 1970s (Fein, 1979 Horowitz, 1982:3 Bauman, 1989:3, Fein 1993:5 Fein, 2002:75). In light of the increasing pervasiveness of genocide in the twentieth century, it is perhaps surprising that genocide studies have tended to be the remit of historians and theologians. Genocide, the intentional destruction of a specific group, is an important subject for scholars of state crimes, yet it remains underexplored within the discipline.